Wu Hongdong – recorded on July 3, 2018 – bloghttps://segmentfault.com/u/wu…

Linux shell basic syntax

script

sign

#! / bin / Bash is the first line of the shell script, which indicates what interpreter the script uses;

#!/bin/bash

Echo command is used to output text to the window;

echo "hello shell";
#Turn on escape wrap
echo -e "hello \n shell";
#Back quotation marks show the result of command execution
echo `ls /`;
#Direct the display results to a file
echo 'hello' > 1.txt;

Single-Line Comments

#Represents a single line comment;

For multiline comments, EOF can also use other symbols, such as!

:>>EOF  
Note 1 
Note 2
EOF

:>>!
Note 1 
Note 2
!

example

Create a script file named / tmp/ hello.sh

#!/bin/bash
echo "hello shell";

Give the script execution permission to execute the script

chmod u+x /tmp/hello.sh;
./tmp/hello.sh

variable

Define usage

Format: key = value;
When value is in single or double quotation marks, it is a string; when it is a number, it is a numerical type;
The standard format is ${key}, but sometimes $key; can be used for reference;

#String variable
a='A';
b="${a}\B";
#Read only variable
readonly c=7;
#Global variables
export d=3.14;
#The content of single quotation marks will be output as is, and single quotation marks and escape characters cannot be used
echo $a;
#Double quotation content can contain variables and escape characters can be used
echo $b;
#Delete variable
unset c;

character string

n="0123456789";
m="aaabbbaaabbb";
#Returns the length of the string variable n
echo ${#n};
#Returns the part from the fifth character to the last
echo ${n:5};
#Returns the length of 5 starting from the 0 th character
echo ${n:0:5};
#Delete the part whose beginning matches 012
echo ${n#012};
#Delete the end that matches 789
echo ${n%789};
#Replace the first AAA with XXX
echo ${m/aaa/xxx};
#Replace all AAA with XXX
echo ${m//aaa/xxx};
#Replace AAA at the beginning with XXX
echo ${m/#aaa/xxx};
#Replace BBB at the end with XXX
echo ${m/%aaa/xxx};

Execution output:

10
56789
01234
3456789
0123456
xxxbbbaaabbb
xxxbbbxxxbbb
xxxbbbaaabbb
aaabbbaaabbb

Replace extension

v=V;
echo $v;
#If V is undefined or null, VVV is returned, but the value of V remains unchanged; if V exists and is not null, V is returned;
echo ${v:-vvv};
#If V is undefined or null, VVV is returned and the value of V is assigned VVV; if V exists and is not null, V is returned;
echo ${v:=vvv};
#If V is undefined or null, VVV is returned and the script is terminated; if V exists and is not null, V is returned;
echo ${v:?vvv};
#If V is undefined or null, it returns null, but the value of V remains unchanged; if V exists and is not null, it returns VVV;
echo ${v:+vvv};

Numerical operation

Four operators: +, -, */
Power operator, module operator: * *,%
Auto increment and auto decrement operators: + +–
Assignment operators: =, + =, – =, * =, / =,%=
Comparison operators: <, >, < =, > =, = ==
Logical operators: & &, |!

#Operation expression must be in double brackets ((expression))
Echo $((a = 3 * * 2)); # output 9

Variable input

Format: read – P < Prompt string > [< variable name >…];

#Enter a single variable
Read - P "please input:" n;
echo $n;
#Enter multiple variables
Read - P "please input:" N1 N2 N3;
echo $n1 / $n2 / $n3;

Return value

Each command will return a status code, 0 indicates success, other non-zero values indicate various errors, exit n; (n ranges from 0 to 255), 1 indicates general error, 126 indicates no execution permission, 127 indicates command not found;

parameter

Chuanshen

Format:. / shell script file parameter 1 Parameter 2

#Add to script file test.sh Three parameters are involved
./shell/test.sh p1 p2 p3;
# test.sh Get parameters in file
echo $1 $2 $3;

Get the reference

#The number of parameters passed to the script
echo $#;
#Show all parameters
echo $*;
echo [email protected];
#Display the first parameter
echo $1;
#Display the 10th parameter, which must use ${n} from the 10th parameter
echo ;
#The exit status of the last command is displayed. 0 means no error, and other values mean error;
echo $?;
#PID of current process
echo $$;

Test expression

Test statement

Format 1: Test < test expression >
Format 2: [< test expression >]
Format 3: [[< test expression >]]
Format 1 is equivalent to format 2, and format 3 can use the logical connectors of &, |;
Spaces must be left before and after the symbols of format 2 and 3;

a=1.1;
b=1.1;
if test $a == $b; then
# if (( $a == $b )); then
# if [ $a -eq $b ]; then
# if [[ $a == $b ]]; then
Echo 'equal';
fi;

String test

-Whether the Z STR string is empty;
-N whether the str string is non empty;
STR1 = = STR2 whether the two strings are the same;
STR1! = STR2 whether the two strings are different;

Binary comparison of integers

Use – EQ, – Ne, – GT, – Ge, – LT, – Le in;
(()) use = =,! =, >, > =, <, < =;
Use – A, – O!;
[]]!;

File directory test

-Whether e-file exists or not;
-F file is a normal file;
-D whether the file is a directory;
-Whether l file is a link file;
-B whether the file is a block device file;
-Whether C file is a character device file;
-Whether s file is non-zero and non empty;
-Whether R file is readable or not;
-Whether w file is writable;
-Whether x file is an executable file;
-Whether o file is the owner of the file;
-Whether g file is the file group;
-Whether the permission of suid is set in U file;
-Whether sgid permission is set in G file;

#Create a directory when it does not exist
[ !-e /shell ] && mkdir -p /shell;

array

definition

Format 1: array = (A1 ‘A2’ A3);
Format 2: array [0] = A1; array [1] =’a2 ‘; array [2] = A3;

#Define array
array=(1 '2');
#Set the third element
array[2]=3;
#Show first element
echo array[0];
#Gets all the elements of the array
echo ${array[*]};
echo ${array[@]};
#Gets the size of the array
echo ${#array[*]};

function

definition

Format: function fun() {}
Function keyword can be omitted;
Return n can be added; (n must be 0 ~ 255) after the function is executed, the return value can be obtained through $;

fun() {
    return 1;
    echo 'over';
}
fun;
echo $?;

Process control

If statement

if test -e /shell/1; then
    Echo '1 file exists';
elif test -e /shell/2; then
    Echo '2 file exists';
#The else branch is the last default branch, which can be omitted and can only be one at most
else 
    Echo 'does not exist';
fi;

Case statement

Read - p 'please enter:' num;
case $num in
1) echo 'num=1' ;;
2) echo 'num=2' ;;
*) echo 'num=?' ;;
esac

While statement

Break: jump out of the cycle;
Continue: skip this cycle and enter the next iteration;
Exit n: aborts the current function and the main shell that calls it;

i=0;
len=10;
while (($i < $len));do
    echo $i;
    let "i++";
done;
#Loop read file line content
while read line;
do
    echo $line;
done < /shell/proxy;
#Or
cat /shell/proxy | while read line;
do
    echo $line;
done；

Until statement

In contrast to while, until ends the loop when the return value is 0;

For statement

#Literal constant list
for loop in 1 2 3 4 5;
do
    echo "The value is: $loop"
done;
#Parameter list, in [email protected] can be omitted
for p in [email protected];
do
    echo $p;
done;
#Sequence list
for x in {1..9};
do
    echo $x;
done;
#C-type for loop
for((i=0;i<10;i++)) {
    echo $i;
}

Select statement

Select is a menu loop structure, infinite loop, exit can add break or press < Ctrl + C >, generally add case statement processing;

select x in 1 2 3;
do
    case $x in 
    1) echo 'x=1' ;;
    *) echo 'x=?' ;; 
    esac;
done;

Infinite cycle

while :
#Or while true
do
    echo 'loop';
done;
for(( ; ; )){
    echo 'loop';
}