Differences between Ruby class instance variables and class instance methods and class variables and class methods

In ruby, there are subtle differences between class instance variables and class instance methods and class variables and class methods, and there are also considerable differences in usage. This article discusses their definitions and basic usage scenarios to attract jade
 
I Class instance variables and class variables
 
Class variables are familiar to everyone. They are variables that start with @ @ in the class definition. Class variable is used to store the global information of a class. It only belongs to a class. Unlike class instance variables (i.e. variables defined with @ at the beginning), each class object has a piece of data. Class variables can be inherited, that is, if we derive a subclass, we can access the class variables of the parent class in the subclass. Subclasses and parent classes share a piece of data, and modifications to one class will be reflected in another class. As shown in the following code running results:

 
 
Operation results:

So what is the class instance variable of a class? The class instance variable of a class is a variable defined with @ in or outside the class method (not in the instance method, that is the instance variable of the class). The variable value defined in this way belongs to the class object itself and cannot be inherited by subclasses. The term “class object” may be somewhat confusing. In fact, all objects in ruby are objects. The classes we define and Ruby’s built-in classes are metaclass objects themselves. Therefore, if you want to define class global data that needs to be shared with subclasses, use class variables; However, if you want to define class global data that is only used by the class itself, you can use class instance variables. Another thing to note is that unlike class variables, class instance variables do not require assignment before access, and their value is nil. Let’s look at an example to make it clearer
 

The running results of the code are as follows: